Public spending on education, from pre-primary to upper secondary level, in the European Union accounted for 4.7% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2023, unchanged from 2022, according to data published by Eurostat on Tuesday.Among EU member states, the highest level of public spending on education as a share of GDP was recorded in Sweden (6.8%), followed by Finland (6.3%) and Belgium (6.2%). At the other end of the scale, the lowest levels were recorded in Romania (3% of GDP), Greece (3.3%) and Malta (3.4%).Across the EU, public spending on education fell slightly, by 0.3 percentage points, in 2023 compared with 2020, when it stood at 5% of GDP. That was also the year with the highest level of public spending on education since statistical data collection began in 2012.As regards the structure of spending, capital expenditure accounted for at least 10% of total expenditure on educational institutions in Greece, Hungary, the Netherlands, Slovakia, Poland, Estonia and Luxembourg in 2023. By contrast, capital expenditure accounted for less than 5% of total spending in Romania and Belgium.In more than half of the EU countries for which data are available (nine out of 16), teachers' salaries accounted for the largest share of expenditure on educational institutions in 2023. However, these salaries accounted for a smaller share, between 40% and 50% of expenditure, in Slovakia, France, Lithuania, Czechia and Finland, while Estonia (37.6%) and Malta (36.9%) were slightly below this range.